The Socially Oriented Centered Social Work - 920 Words

At present social work practice is at a critical crossroads in time. There are ongoing debates among academicians and practitioners alike, over what should be the theoretical underpinnings, focus and overall purpose of the social work profession. The need for such debates is heightened in the face of changing external forces such as advent in economic globalization, social exclusion and progress in communication technologies. Hence there is palpable need to review and practice progressive theories of social work. In this paper, I shall be comparing the ecologically oriented competence- centered social work theory discussed by Maluccio, Washitz Libassi (1992) to the structural social work theory presented by Mullaly (2007 2010). Ecologically oriented competence-centered social work theory is part of the conventional or systems perspectives of social work. It aims to view individuals and their environment as a unitary system with a certain historical context (Germain, 1979 as cited by Malucio, Washitz Libassi, 1992). In other words, an individual’s well being is a reflection of the presence of particular competencies, motivations, qualities and skills which enable an individual to interact, cope and function effectively in the environment (Maluccio, Washitz Libassi, 1992). The basic premise of the theory is to maintain social order and status quo via adapting, to achieve an individual- environment fit. In comparison, Mullaly’s (2007 2010) structural social workShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics That Define Entrepreneurial Leadership1308 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess of an organization often comes from dedicated and talented leadership. This paper will analyze the varying characteristics of busi ness leaders and how different values are required by differing business ventures, whether profit-driven or socially-focused. By understanding these characteristics, a student of business can learn important lessons regarding leadership style and business principles that can help shape them become the next great entrepreneur. To begin any analysis of businessRead MoreTransactional Leadership in Nursing1130 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Nursing Literature. According to Sullivan and Decker (1997) transactional leadership is a traditional, goal oriented type of leadership based on the social exchange theory. Work is exchanged for rewards in order to maintain the status quo and implement company policy and procedures. This leadership is essentially based on economics. The leader and followers both benefit socially and economically by exchanging performance for rewards. This exchange continues until one of the parties views theRead MoreAnti Islam : Anti Oppressive Practice Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pages GROUP WORK ASSIGNMENT ON: - ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE Name – KOUSHIK MAHATO Enrolment No. - M2015CJ010 Course Teacher - Prof. BIPIN JOJO INTRODUCTION ‘Anti-Oppressive Practice’- is an umbrella term that encircles radical, structural, critical, feminist, liberal, anti-racist framework practice approaches. But it is not limited within those approaches. Anti-Oppressive social work is a practice represents the theories and approaches of social justice. Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP)Read MoreChildhood Isolation And Its Effects On Children1290 Words   |  6 Pagesreally mean to be isolated, does it have different effects on people, and if so why? By answering these questions, I can discover if I experienced isolation in my childhood and how it might have impacted me physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially. I started my research by entering my question, â€Å"How does being an only child effect child development†, at the Wayne state library databases search engine and couldn’t really find what I was looking for, so I did a google search and found an articleRead MoreThe Orientation Of Individual And Adlerian Psychology889 Words   |  4 Pagesinvited by Freud, Adler joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic society, publishing psychoanalytically oriented articles (p. 171). However, Adler began to emphasize the importance of social factors as opposed to Freud’s drive theory, diverging from the psychoanalytical theory (p. 171). In 1914, he formed the Society for Individual Psychology. Individual psychology is more concerned with the whole person who has social, purposeful, and developmental determinants (p. 171). In this paper, I will introduce the theoricalRead MoreCompany X s Attitude Towards Being Socially Responsible1338 Words   |  6 Pages Company X’s attitude towards being socially responsible is being clouded by its desire to maintain high profits. With its current actions, Company X is catering to a select group of its primary stakeholders such as the investors and shareholders. They seem to be forgetting that the customers, employees, and the community are also primary stakeholders. We will look into the scenario and dissect the company’s actions to show how they are alienating the community that will ultimately determine theirRead MoreThe Essential Qualities Of A Critical Thinker1452 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying the saxophone. It is unlikely to take place in the absence of a conscious commitment to learn. As long as we take our thinking for granted, we don’t do the work required for improvement† (The critical thinking community) â€Å"Development in thinking requires a gradual process requiring plateaus of learning and just plain hard work. It is not possible to become an excellent thinker simply because one wills it. Changing one’s habits of thought is a long-range project, happening over years, notRead MoreStrategic Plan for Holy Grounds821 Words   |  3 Pagesto facilitate the desired growth and market development. Since the Christian community represents a comparatively close knit community, compared to other target markets, new marketing mediums such as social networking will undoubtedly prove to be a great asset to the business. Therefore, using socially transmitted marketing messages will be ideal to inform potential Christian consumers about the services that the Holy Grounds offers. Therefore the research was reviewed with this idea in mind. TribalRead MoreIndividual Experience And Reflexivity By Renato Rosaldo s The And Reconstitution Of Self 931 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual experience and reflexivity ought to be utilized inside humanities as an instrument to ponder the society that is consistently mulled over and not a refocusing of consideration on the self. Works, for example, Dorinne Kondo s Disintegration and Reconstitution of Self, utilize the thought of reflexivity as a mirror in which to view the society being considered in an alternate way. This utilization of reflexivity considers the center to stay on the society being concentrated on. A moveRead More Educational Philosophy Statement Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesRousseau, children have the tendency to be selfish and self-centered. As a teacher, you must first change this selfish nature by educating the student about the concept of sharing and giving to others, and then motivate the student to desire to follow the idea. The nature of students generall y is at first to be self oriented, and this attitude can affect the learning process. This attitude of being self-centered can affect their social relationships with fellow students, and of course this will affect

Transgender Students Should Be Legal - 967 Words

Transgender people are deserving of having the right to use public facilities that correspond with their gender identity instead of being forced to use facilities that match their biological sex, which could put them in danger. There have been many cases of transgender people being denied access to use bathrooms and locker rooms for the gender they identify with, out of worry that they’d make other people occupying said bathrooms and locker rooms uncomfortable. The reactions of other groups of people shouldn’t determine the way transgender people are treated. As stated in an article about whether or not transgender students should be granted access to the facilities consistent with their gender identity, â€Å"Part of our Constitution and the principles of America is that we do not compromise the rights of the individual for the comfort of the others,† (Chiasson,1). Transgender people shouldn’t be forced to use facilities that match their biological sex an d be put in danger just because other people feel that having a transgender person in a bathroom or locker room with them would be an invasion of privacy. Another good point made in that article is if an individual who presents themselves as a female, with long hair and feminine clothes, is forced to use a men’s bathroom, they are put in significant danger. Whereas, if they are allowed to use the women’s bathroom, most if not all occupants of the bathroom would never even know the individual is transgender, resulting in noShow MoreRelatedThe Rights For Transgender Youth Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages Rights for Transgender Youth- In the Classroom Hannah Wintz Ball State University School is thought of as a safe, friendly environment for all to learn and share their ideas, creativity, and opinions. It should be, especially since Americans send their children to school, five days a week, seven hours a day. Unfortunately, not all children feel that their safety is ensured at their schools. Transgender youth feel as if they cannot be their true selves in an environment that’s supposedRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Equality790 Words   |  4 Pagesis accommodating transgender students. The Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972 states: â€Å"Prohibition against discrimination; exceptions. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is talking about gender equality in schools. This means that a school cannot treat transgender students differently thanR ead MoreTransgender Rights : The Transgender Person Is Someone Who Identifies As The Opposite Gender843 Words   |  4 Pages Transgender Rights in America A transgender person is someone who identifies as the opposite gender they were assigned at birth. Transgender people often suffer from gender dysphoria, a condition in which a person feels a psychological disturbance towards their assigned gender. In order to calm their dysphoria, they make the decision to live as who they truly believe themselves to be. A person such as this often faces an umbrella of governmental, societal, occupational, educational, medical, andRead MoreThe Issue Of Transgender Students848 Words   |  4 Pages In the past couple of months there has a significant push for political correctness and toleration. Many people believe that since it is 2016 American should revamp itself to become more accepting. The American system is not flawless and there is nothing wrong with wanting to make reforms, but the way people are going about it is very problematic. The upcoming surges of social movements are getting out of hand. The more progressive groups in America are putting out this message of how the upperRead MoreThe Rights Of Transgender Teenagers1667 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent suicide of transgender teenagers Leelah Alcorn and Zander Mahaffey, rights of transgender teenagers have become a more prominent subject as many seek for the banning of gender-conversion therapy, a therapy that aims to change a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity, and the metal abuse it causes (Segal). The rights of transgender teenagers over the rights of parents and leaders is an important subject in the continuing battle of transgender rights, and what should be done to save teenagersRead MoreTitle Ix Of The Education Amendment779 Words   |  4 Pagesdysphoria and identifies as a female, access to the female restroom. Though the Supreme Court has not ruled on this topic, a Fourth Circuit ruling, the Department of Education and Department of Justice Dear Colleague Letter, and case law regarding transgender students can help enlighten the school board on this topic. An introductory understanding of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 will assist in this matter. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 and its regulations prohibit sexRead MoreState University School Of Social Work Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pageslaw and equality among transgender people by allowing the amendment of legal documents to reflect the current sex after undergoing surgical procedures to change one’s sex. 2. SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM – In Ohio the law doesn’t recognize transgender surgical procedures as a justifiable reason to make changes. If a transgender man or woman undergoes surgical procedure to change their sex, Ohio will not incorporate any form of correction of sex on birth certificates. The transgender community is directlyRead MoreThe, Gender, And Gender Equality974 Words   |  4 PagesTransgender is a relatively new term; it refers to a person that believes that their gender identity doesn’t correspond with his or her biological sex. Doctors diagnosis this uneasy feeling about one’s gender as Gender Dysphoria. Often time’s he or she might undergo sex reassignment surgery to physically become his or her desired gender. Like every other citizen in the United States, transgenders are entitled to a series of rights. However, a transgender’s inconsistency in the presentation betweenRead MoreHostility Towards Transgender Students1090 Words   |  4 Pagesare those categorized as transgender. These people are very often the subject of intense scrutiny, discrimination, ostracism, verbal harassment and even physical assault. These responses to a transgendered person often stems from a lack of understanding, confusion, fear, and anxiety when interacting with these people. In order to understand why people are so unsettled when in the presence of a transgender individual, it is essential to fully understand the term transgender. The American PsychologicalRead MoreThe Board Of Directors And Finance, Facilities, And Policy Committees1239 Words   |  5 Pagesthe school district for at least one year prior to election or appointment. An individual may be ineligible to run for or hold the office of school director subject to state or federal law. The following items do not constitute an exhaustive list of legal requirements related to eligibility. Other state and federal laws may determine eligibility. The PA Constitution bars from elective office anyone convicted of an â€Å"infamous† crime, which the courts have interpreted to include various misdemeanors based

Similarities of Different Styles of Writing Free Essays

Title: Similarities of Different Styles of Writing Similarities of Different Styles of Writing Most recently, I have read many different short stories and poems. The three works that stuck out to me the most are, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† written by William Shakespeare, and â€Å"The Cathedral† written by Raymond Carver. Although there are different writers and poets, we are able to find similarities in the text through interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities of Different Styles of Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Cathedral† is told in third person. The third person point of view is when the narrator relates all information in third person. The short story will often use third person pronouns like â€Å"he† or â€Å"she. † The narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† is consistently describing his wife and the blind man’s actions. Craver is also sure to provide great detail in the emotions that are supposed to be felt. Ignorance, for one, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed† (1977, Craver). A Rose for Emily† is told from the viewpoint of an unknown townsman. â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the mean through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the woman mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no save an old-manservant—a combined gardener and cook—had seen in at least ten years† (1929, Faulkner). Besides being told in third person, the main similarity that I recognize is how people react to others. The narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† was fascinated, for lack of a better description, about a blind man named Robert; to the point where he was not looking forward to the Robert staying in his house. When I was reading this story it seemed as if the narrator did not even understand how his wife could be friends with someone who cannot see. When Miss Emily passed away the women in the town went to her funeral because they had not seen the inside of her house. It also seemed as if Miss Emily did not leave her house for many years. Miss Emily seemed to be one of those scary neighbors that we have seen in the movies, not too sound like the narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral†. Both of these short stories are familiar to life. When Faulkner writes about Miss Emily speaking to the City Hall about taxes, this rang true to me. I, myself, have had to discuss taxes with the city hall. When the narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† made an off color comment to his wife about Robert this also rang true to me, â€Å"maybe I can take him bowling† (1977, Craver). Growing up with my brother, there was always an off colored comment. He is ten years older than me always tried to ruffle my feathers. It is sometimes easier to interpret short stories. There seems to be more of a preface and description. When it comes to poetry, I feel that interpretation is using your imagination or creative side. â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† is fourteen lines long but it says so much, as if it was a story about love. â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† or as I read it, my love will never die (1609, Shakespeare). To me, poetry is formed with non descriptive words that tell a story, mood, or feeling. The main difference between a short story and poem is the length of the reading or its format. â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† is written in sonnet style. Most poets use rhyme in set form. From my understanding this can be called a sonnet. Authors who are writing a short story do not think about making anything rhyme; however, I can still find similarities in a poem and short story. For example, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† talks about feeling. I felt one of the points being made in A Rose for Emily† was not to judge. I also interpreted that just because someone is different does not mean that they cannot find love. Miss Emily found love. Does the title of Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† mean this is a memoriam of Emily’s life? William Shakespeare is timeless writer. Not only did he write poetry but he is also a Play Right. Shakespeare wrote plays that I remember acting out as a child or reading in school, such as Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. I personally feel that Shakespeare wrote a lot about love. Of course I am a sucker for love stories so I instantly gravitate to his work. Shakespeare, Carver, and Faulkner are all from different generations. Each writer has made a name for himself with words. These three men had a completely different up bringing; times differed morally as well. Similarities between these three gentlemen can also vary by person. I found that the two stories and poem had humanity in them. Everyone feels love, everyone is nosey, and unfortunately, everyone has stereotypes. References DiYanni, R. , 2007. Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, Higher Education, New York, New York. How to cite Similarities of Different Styles of Writing, Papers

Contemporary Issues for Accounting Presentation and Preparation

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Issues in Accountingfor Presentation and Preparation. Answer: Introduction: In operational activities of an organization, ethics are concerned to compose good and moral decisions in regard to presentation, preparation, and revelation of financial information. The environmental accounting and auditing are the way in which the environment issues impact on organizations financial statement and human being. The revelation and recognition of these issues stats the market inefficiencies that are exist due to different psychological facets and affect to financial decision making of the investors. Moreover, the regulators and auditors should examine obsolete theories such as fair value of accounting, prudence, matching, and historical cost to enhance their effectiveness. Due to this reason, the chosen topic for research proposal is environmental accounting and auditing. The issues in auditing and environmental accounting are not only general problem, but these issues have been embraced by all over the world (IISTE, 2012). This research is important because it enable s the users to understand about the financial impact of auditing and environmental accounting issues on the organization. Practical Motivation: In an effort, contemporary trend occurred in auditing and environmental accounting to make ensure the transparency, accountability, and stakeholders participation in a broader perspective. The auditor should ensure that acquisition, mergers, sustainability, proxy access, climate, and the executive reimbursement are synchronized. The principles of auditing are developed to ensure that the addressed issues may affect an organizations performance. The auditors independency has impact on attention of investors, regulators, and researchers (Tepalagul and Lin, 2015). Similarly, it is essential to cooperate and share to generate better social, environmental, and financial performance of the organization. Therefore, the issues that many organizations do not produce in their report become considerable and the rationale which are not disclosed by the organizations need to be investigated. Moreover, evasion of taxes results as a corporate governance issues like corruption. In the area of heuris tic-based biases there is prominent scarcity of research with inclusive deficiency of a research which is related to investors investment decisions. Essentially, a systematic set of concepts and rules of auditing should be developed to present the basic financial situation (Dozier, 2015). As well as, the auditing and environmental accounting can be observed as an essential part of the organization that is suffered from its rash behavior for long ter. Theoretical Motivation: Although, there are many concerns regarding auditing and environmental accounting among people that have to forfeit as a result of operational activities of an organization. The independency of auditors is an imperative issue for auditing profession that impacts on audit quality. The environment accounting technique helps in identifying environmental cost and leads to cost saving for the organization. This research proposal is prepared to find the authentic cause of why the organizations are not constructing such reports. The regulator should close the gap which makes enable tax evasion and that are avoided by the organizations. In the current research, the reason of these issues is more thoroughly analyzed. The auditor should strengthen the current requirements of the policy for the extension of fair value accounting (Blay and Geiger, 2013). It is also required that the organization should make obligatory disclosures as well as, to encourage them. Literature Review: According to Dhaliwal et al (2012), Environment accounting is way in which environmental issues impact on the companys financial statements such as income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. It helps researcher to understand about environment issues and their impact on the financial statements. Along with this, environment auditing is a tool that measures the effects of different activities on the environment. Environment accounting is a practice of using financial principles which is use to carry out costs of business. The environment auditing is systematic process that quantifies the organizational position and environment performance. This also analyzes the financial performance of the company and verifies the financial statements (Wang and Zhou, 2012). In views of Vasarhelyi et al (2012), environment accounting and auditing are used to monitor the financial performance of the organization and to disclose the organizations environmental financial information. Along with this, environment accounting and auditing can enhance the environmental performance of the company because it includes the certain rules and regulations. The regulator and the auditor are mandated to expand the rules and regulations to make ensure that the fair value of accounting, measurement basis, and corporate authorities are factored as improvement. They make ensure to share the corporative information to the public such as profit and loss accounts of the company. It is a critical work which offers the essential information for the user of fiscal statements. Besides, the present framework does not include the sections that may elaborate the disclosures and appearance. It is depicted by Parker (2012), that the concept of developing disclosure appearance issues ar e critical area therefore, these concepts should be stand on higher level frameworks. The role of business models related to environmental accounting is pervasive in financial reports because they have competing theories of the firm. The economic premises believe that the environmental accounting presents perfect information and has no any fraud in financial statements. In the same way, these economic premises argue that the accounting is a resource of diminishing transaction cost but the measurement is an issue in these premises. Moreover, Aceitimo et al (2012) depicted that the sustainability of environmental accounting and auditing depends on numerous factors such as size of the organization, degree of competition and many more activities in the organization. A big organization becomes more visible and faces more public and political pressures to disclose sustainable auditing report. They want to produce a positive signal from such disclosures to attract investors which requires large funds. In the situation of competition the organizations would be reluctant to produce sustainable environmental accounting in apprehension of injury their competitive positions. As stated by Rao et al (2012), that the corporate governance in an organization directly relates to its environmental accounting and auditing. In this way, if the auditors are in large number s in the organization then there will be more chances in the organization which may disclose adequate information that relates to its operational activities. Hypothesis: According to above analyzed literature, it is identified that the individuals outlook towards environmental accounting and auditing will help to influence their objectives. The literature presents that the poor and inadequate accounting perception of the organizations will results as poor attitude towards the users. In regards of fundamental factors there are conflicting results and intentions from the stakeholders. It will be helpful in providing scope for advance research. The following hypothesis is suggested which is tested during the research process: The inadequate accounting and auditing report may affect the investment decisions of an individual which are based on higher occurrence of emotions in compare of participating in an investment alliance. Research Method: There are broad collections of emotional and cognitive biases which are measured in various ways. In this research, both primary and secondary data analysis methods are used. In this research, the questionnaires are distributed between different stakeholders of twenty companies all over the world. This research focuses on endowment bias and loss aversion as emotional biases that have significant different affects at individual or group level. The stakeholders should consist of managers, stakeholders, suppliers, government officials, and suppliers (Anderson et al, 2012). This research is conducted with several different countries over long time duration. The research model should be used to test the importance of fundamental factors. However, the different parameters of research are capable to extend the business students knowledge as a professional accountant about the issues of environmental accounting and auditing. The questionnaire of the research method would consist the open end ed and close ended questions to find sequence regarding how well these stakeholders about environmental accounting and auditing issues. In this regard, if the stakeholders are aware about the auditing and environmental accounting reports of organizations then they will be satisfied by the obtained information disclosed by the company. Therefore, the business decisions will be influence by the audit quality of the report. Further, there would be questions that may measure to situate pressure on the organizations to produce adequate audit report. The participants included in this research are varying in their preceding knowledge, experience, education, and awareness. The research is included both non-professional and professional investors. It will make sure a miscellaneous collection of individual preference and possible perceptions. It is found that there are not only interrelated, complex, and cumulative relations between organizational change and auditors practices, but also the r ole of environmental accounting is in facilitating organizational dynamics (Burns, 2012). The evaluation of collected data from primary and secondary resources will be helpful to get conclusion about mentioned hypotheses. Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that the awareness about environmental accounting and auditing issues among stakeholders is increased in preceding decades. In this regards the organizations made efforts to generate economic prosperity by producing innovative and qualitative products which may provide strengthen to its financial statements. The stakeholders become more aware about organizations operational activities that are affecting to their investments. Moreover, it is the need of stakeholder to become conscious about the importance of environmental accounting and auditing report. References: Aceitimo, J. , Ariza, L. and Sanchez, I. (2012) Explanatory Factors of Integrated Sustainability and Financial Reporting. [Online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.1765/full (Accessed: 12 October, 2016). Anderson, H., Havila, V. and Nilsson, F. (2012) Mergers and Acquisitions: The Critical Role of Stakeholders. Melbourne: Routledge. Blay, A. D., and Geiger, M. A. (2013) Auditor fees and auditor independence: Evidence from going concern reporting decisions, Contemporary Accounting Research, 30, pp. 579-606. Burns, J. (2012) Social and Environmental Accounting, Organisational Change and Management accounting:A Processual View. [Online]. Available at: https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/16190/contrafatto-burns.pdf?sequence=2isAllowed=y (Accessed: 12 October 2016). Dhaliwal, D. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A., and Yang, Y. G. (2012) Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure,The Accounting Review,87(3), pp. 723-759. Dozier, B. (2015) Contemporary issues in Accounting andFinance. [Online]. Available at: https://barbradozier.wordpress.com/2015/06/01/contemporary-issues-in-accounting-and-finance-2/ (Accessed: 12 October 2016). IISTE (2012) Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting. [Online]. Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ISEA/index (Accessed; 12 October 2016). Parker, R. (2012)Towards a Theory and Practice of Cash Flow Accounting.UK: SAGE Publishers. Rao, K., Tilt, C. and Lester, L. (2012) Corporate Governance And Environmental Reporting: An Australian Study. [Online]. Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14720701211214052 (Accessed: 8 October, 2016). Tepalagul, N., and Lin, L. (2015) Auditor Independence and Audit Quality A Literature Review, Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,30(1), pp. 101-121. Vasarhelyi, M. A., Alles, M., Kuenkaikaew, S., and Littley, J. (2012) The acceptance and adoption of continuous auditing by internal auditors: A micro analysis,International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(3), pp. 267-281. Wang, D., and Zhou, J. (2012) The impact of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 on audit fees and audit quality, Accounting Horizons,26(3), pp. 493-511.

Romantic free essay sample

Concordant major and minor scales bore me. Mundane paintings of fruit and birds should be hung only in offices. So whats intriguing? Romanticism: a reaction to the Industrial Revolution emphasizing awe in aesthetic pursuits. No, thats too plain. Romanticism, visceral and raw, sought emotion and frenzy from its followers, to please no one but themselves until those hot, strange tears spilled on the face in passionate human agony. Even at five, when I started piano lessons, I preferred dynamics over technicality. Ive since explored the twisted worlds of Chopin and Tchaikovsky until mellifluous melodies flowed in my head and out through my hands. Over the years, Ive learned all of Chopins Nocturnes and memorized The Tempest, my favorite of all Beethovens movements. Im drained after I play Romantic music, the energy and anger and passion storming onto the ivory until I am left in a dizzy stupor. We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the delight doesnt end with sound! Turner paints dreamscapes, as I call them, terrifying portrayals of nature overpowering man in colorful, turbulent collision. With Friedrichs wanderer is where I want to be, atop a rocky mountain overlooking a sea of fog with black peaks protruding from the mist. And I have all but fallen in love with handsome, ravishing Mr. Keats, doting over his poetry that expresses exactly the sentiment I want a man to feel for me. Dark, brooding, sensual, romantic – its uncanny how perfectly a movement in history describes me.

A Level System Supports Positive Behavior

A Level System Supports Positive Behavior A level system for behavior contract is in many ways a sophisticated system for improving and shaping students long term behavior. By establishing levels, much as in a rubric for academic performance, you can shape students behavior by slowly increasing the expectations for meeting each level. This system is particularly good for secondary students, and can help a student in a single class or across classes. Creating a Level System Choosing Behaviors to Monitor Begin by identifying which behaviors will pull the cart of the students behavior. In other words if you successfully identify behaviors that are pivotal for improving a students over all performance and behavior in your class, focus on them. Behaviors need to be explicit and measurable, although data collection is not your primary focus. Still, avoid general, subjective terms like respectful, or attitude. Focus on the behaviors that will eliminate the attitude. Instead of shows respect for peers you need to identify the behavior as Waits to be called on or Waits rather than interrupts peers. You cannot tell your students what to feel. You can tell them what their behavior should look like. Choose 4 or 5 behaviors that will define the levels: i.e. PunctualityConforming to rules.Completing assignments,Participation Some people would include listening but I find that some secondary students who appear to be ignoring the teacher may actually be listening. You can ask for certain kinds of academic behavior that show whether a student has been attending or not. You cannot actually see students listening. Define the Behaviors for Each Level Describe what is excellent, good, or poor punctuality. Excellent may be on time and ready to learn. Good might be on time. And poor would be late or tardy. Determine Consequences for the Students Behavior Positive consequences can be given weekly or daily, depending on the age and maturity of the student or the intensity or inappropriateness of the behavior. For students with grossly inappropriate behavior , or who have a long way to go, you may want to reward performance daily. As a student participates in a behavior support program, over time, you want to thin reinforcement as well as spread it out so that students learn eventually to evaluate their own behavior and reward themselves for appropriate behavior. Consequences can be positive (a reward) or negative (loss of privileges) depending on the number of excellents or the number of poors each student earns. Decide Who will Provide the Reinforcement I would try to get parents to do the reinforcing if at all possible. Secondary students are especially gifted at working teachers against parents or parents against teacher. When you have parents on board, you are more likely to get the cooperation of a student. It also make lessons learned in school generalize to the students home. There is also nothing wrong with double dipping, providing one level of reward at school (i.e. a privilege earned for so many excellents) and another at home (a trip to a preferred restaurant with the family for so many excellents in a week, etc.) Evaluate and Re-evaluate Eventually, your goal is for students to learn to self-evaluate. You want to Fade from supporting the students behavior. You want to achieve these by. Increasing the time you evaluate, from daily to weekly.Raise the level of behavior you want the student to exhibit for each behavior (especially academic behavior. Tools for a Level Behavior System A Contract: Your contract needs to lay out the who, what, where, when, how of your system. Who: The students who will perform the behavior, the parent(s) who will reinforce the appropriate behavior and the teacher(s) who will evaluate the students behavior.What: Behavior you want to see increase. Remember, keep it positive.Where: all classes, or just one where the student is struggling? Do mom and want to continue the plan at home? (include levels for cleaning the room, say, or touching base with parents when out with friends?)When: Daily? Each period? Weekly? Remember to make it often enough to quickly increase the behavior, but understand that you will eventually be thinning reinforcement by spreading the incidence of reinforcement over longer intervals.How: Who is the evaluator? Will you give the student input on evaluation, or will it all be on you? Monitoring Tools: You want to create a tool that will make it easy for you or for general education teachers who may be evaluating students. I offer you models for A contract for a single class with a key.A blank contract for a single class.A week for a self contained program.A week for multiple classes.

MGM630-0804B-04 Applied Managerial Marketing - Phase 2 Discussion Essay

MGM630-0804B-04 Applied Managerial Marketing - Phase 2 Discussion Board - Essay Example The company deals with a variety of items and is well spread across the three state region in around 1 ten stores. The company has been in this business from 1992 and has not been very inclined towards brand building. The company dealt mainly with only importing and selling of home dà ©cor and gift items and is now looking at moving into house ware items as well. Efforts are being made to improve the brand awareness and also the product portfolio of the company. There are a few issues that the company might face in the case of increasing the brand awareness. Since the company has been in the industry for such a long period and has always used brown bags to wrap their products, there has been very little or almost no attention that has been given to the GGI. It is not known if the company even has a reputation in the market at all. Also as the company is just starting to move into a new product line – House ware, it is obvious that the brand has no awareness for this portfolio of products. Also with the declining sales in the whole sale business and the store business remaining flat, it is obvious that the company is lacking a lot of marketing. To resolve these issues it is essential that steps are taken to correctly market the company and increase brand awareness. To do this it is firstly essential to understand the role of marketing in a society and how it affects a firm. The next section will deal with understanding this in brief. As already mentioned earlier, marketing plays a very important role for every business. It is a process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying the customer requirements. Marketing can be done using a number of different tools like advertising, branding, direct marketing, publicity etc. It is essential that all firms understand one simple concept, that societies do not require marketing and can exist

Globalization and Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and Economic Development - Essay Example However, extra legal means of bringing products into a country normally result to an increased in smuggling activities. These practices will eventually corrode if not slowly disintegrate the economy of the country. â€Å"Corrosion in the system of trade relations does not produce a blow-up from one day to the next. When nations find the rules too constraining and no longer appropriate to their needs they find ways of flouting them. The effects tend to be more subtle and show up over time in a gradual retreat from the cornerstone principles of multi-literalism and non-discrimination† (Rodrik). Trade in a globalized economy provides equal opportunity for all players as provided for by the WTO and the GATT. Goods can now be produced in another country without too much impact on the price and in fact can be lowered since products from another country can be produced or assembled locally and be given the same benefits as that of the local brand. Adverse effects of short cuts and ot her extra legal means of trading is not only avoided but governments earn the advantage of taxing the goods. Healthy trade between countries are assured by the WTO and GATT for member nations providing equal opportunity for the products with that of the local products. ... However a move towards ensuring that making each country a member of WTO and compliant to GATT, BASEL and other UN directives remains a challenge. WTO and other agreements prevent several archaic trading imperatives that existed and accepted in the better part of the last century. These trading practices sometimes result to war or conflicts because of its predatory nature. Equal opportunity is given to all players that wish to transact with the other WTO members preventing favouritism and preferential treatment. Globalization in its purest form makes it more efficient for trade to be concluded by moving manufacturing plants to where the market is. Long are the days where waste in the manufacture, shipment and distribution of goods are left not only to normal market forces but also to the devices of the elements and environmental factors because of the lag in shipment and distribution. Positioning for better prices due to a more efficient manufacturing process within the country where the market is if not where the actual raw materials are manufactured will also be more competitive. A more sustainable manufacturing process that will safe guard the environment if not reduce carbon emission. Corporate strategy that could include reduction of operating expense while increasing the level of quality is due to globalization. Technology as an enabler of globalization makes it easier for company to monitor and manage their remote facilities or offices that could be on the other side of the globe. In sum, decrease operating cost, immediate response to market forces that dictate price and supply under an economic environment that do not discriminate between local and imported products when it comes to tax will make the global economy more prudent. Another

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example As mentioned above, Tesco is nothing less than a living legend since it has been able to survive for so many decades. Quite understandably, this has caught the attention many experts, professionals, and critics. They all wonder about that magic formula or approach or Tesco has, which has enabled it to fight, survive and grow. Tesco takes pride in revealing this magic formula and calls it as Tesco’s way. More importantly, this Tesco’s way was noticeable during the visit to the Magor’s distribution centre. Sophistication in technology, highly trained and capable staff to use the same, simple yet complete and spacious infrastructure, proper planning with back up plans for peak times, efforts undertaken to ensure employee satisfaction, micro management, proper communication amongst employees, acknowledgement of company’s goals by employees and others were showing a glimpse of what makes up the Tesco’s way. Without any doubts, Tesco’s operations revolve around the corporate objectives set by the top management and inherited by its founder Jack Cohen. Jack once said, â€Å"You cannot do business sitting on your ass† (Seth & Randall, pp. 212-213, 2001). Jack’s strategy was of constant hard work, innovation, change, adaptability, and openness to experience and Tesco has inherited the same from him. Constant growth, being valued by the customers, and having the most committed and loyal staff, becoming a global retailer having influence at all parts of the world and making Tesco a strong brand name even for non-food items. Moreover, for creating this value, Tesco believes that it should the understand the needs, cultures and mindset of its customers, create maximum employee satisfaction because it leads to customer satisfaction and divert all its strength, efforts, and innovation towards creating value for its customers. Another famous tagline of Tesco is

Minorities In The Federal Government Politics Essay

Minorities In The Federal Government Politics Essay Minorities are always a source of debate in America. Whether it is relating to immigration laws, equal opportunity in schools and workplaces, or their role in government minorities are often a subject of controversy. Many citizens of the United States feel their ethnicities or sex are not fairly represented in Congress, the Justice system, or even in the Executive branch. Today we have an overwhelming majority of white males in Congress. Racial minorities and women alike are underrepresented in both houses. A debate continues on how to make this representation could become more equal. Some feel that the system is what it is and generally makes a level playing field for all candidates; others believe that white males are heavily favored in our current districting. Underrepresentation of minorities has been prevalent since the beginning of Americas government, and many feel that action must be taken to achieve a more representative Federal Government. Of all minorities, women are actually the weakest in representation. Women make up an equal amount of the United States total population, but they do not receive even close to half of the seats in Congress. In fact, as of this year, women only hold 19% of the seats in Congress. This number is record high, but is still very far from 50%. There are many factors contributing to womens underrepresentation in government. One is a very obvious reason. Women simply do not have as many candidates running for office as do men. If more females hope to gain seats in Congress, more must be willing to run campaigns. Womens participation in political education is also below that of mens. Many argue, however, that women are receiving appropriate education and are attempting to run for office. The reason they have difficulty in gaining seats is peoples predisposition to favor the traditional. Voters are used to males holding these positions, and therefore naturally favor a male candidate to a female . If women hope to achieve more success in their numbers in the government, the general voting population must be more willing to accept them as leaders and vital assets on Capitol Hill. This cannot be done by apathetically hoping people will come to their senses. Women have to make strong efforts to assert themselves in those positions, and show future voters their capability. Some feel traditional views and number of candidates are not the most important factors restricting women from gaining equal representation. The biggest obstacle facing women with regards to underrepresentation in Congress is not peoples tendency to favor males for these positions. Instead their lack of wealth is the primary reason men have over eighty percent of the seats. (Rochne) The number of men with the funding to undergo a costly campaign process is much more numerous than the small number of females who could afford to run. Those women with money who choose to run are still often overmatched when it c omes to funding. Fortunately, women are holding more assets, getting more degrees, and working at more high-level jobs than any other time in Americas history. If this trend continues, then women will continue to gradually increase their presence in Congress. http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2012/11/15/women_in_congress_2_blog_main_horizontal.jpg Racial minoritys struggles are far different from those of women. Often it is not money that holds minorities back, but how the voting system is set up in our Country. Redistricting is essentially a political game in which people with the most influence are trying to see their views favored, whether thats to favor party or ethnic hopes. In reality, minority voters wouldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ become submerged in white majority districts, and we would turn the clock back to a time when we had virtually all-white legislatures.(Amy) This is focusing on how redistricting can be instrumental to the racial layout of congress. For many years this was a large factor in the white majority, until it was brought to the courts. This is seen in the Supreme Court case Thornburg vs. Gingles of 1986. The court declared in a unanimous vote that the legacy of official discrimination acted in concert with the multimember districting scheme to impair the ability of cohesive groups of black voters to participa te equally in the political process and to elect candidates of their choice. Essentially this facilitated the creation of United States house districts in which a minority population constitutes a majority of the voting age population. (Banducci) Combined factors still affect minority representation. Wealth, education, experience, number of candidates all contribute to the underrepresentation of ethnicities. Despite all of these factors and the others unmentioned, districting is often considered the most challenging and restraining of all. The amount elected is solely reflected by the numbers of that minority in a voting district. (Peyton) Without minority voting populations being properly represented in their districts, they cannot be properly represented in the Federal Government. Some believe, however, that racial redistricting would have its down falls and is paradoxical in nature. As voting districts are altered to allow for racial minorities to gain election to seats, Congress may be less likely to side with this races ideology and the policies they hope to implement. For example if a district was drawn to favor African-American candidates, Congress may feel less inclined to adopt policies that are favored by many African-American voters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦particularly in the South, the practice of concentrating minority populations into a small number of districts decreases the liberal influence in the remaining areas. Thus, a handful of minority representatives, almost invariably Democrats, win elections, but so do a greater number of conservative Republicans. (Lublin) Not only will Congress be less willing to accept their policies, but liberal influence in other districts will suffer as a large number of minorities vote democratic. This in turn does the op posite of what activists are hoping. While one minority may gain a seat, their party could lose two. It is still very hard to deny the lack of diversity in Congress. In the United States Senate there are currently no blacks holding positions. In fact, only 6 senators have been African-American since the beginning of the Senate. Todays Senate is made of a 96% white majority. Only 4 senators are racial minorities, Daniel Akaka, Hawaii (Asian-American, Daniel Inouye, Hawaii (Asian-American), Robert Menendez, New Jersey (Hispanic-American) and Marco Rubio, Florida (Hispanic-American). That means that Latinos make up 1% of the Senate, while the latest census found that they make up almost 17% of the United States entire population. It is clear why many are upset about the underrepresentation of minorities. When interviewed about this subject, it was found that most senators do not find this as a matter of importance. (Desjardins) Instead they believe the system gives an equal chance to a ll those running, and should be focused on merit not race. Senators feel that redistricting to aid the election of ethnic minorities is unfair and unnecessary. Of course their opinions are not at all objective; it shows the reluctance of the government when addressing these issues. Legislation is difficult to pass because the white majority would like to continue to see themselves as the majority. It creates a cycle that makes change a slow process. http://www.prosebeforehos.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/zz3490fe30.jpghttp://www.gregbocquet.com/images/thumbAfAmCongress.jpg The Supreme Court and the Executive branch are no exception to the high underrepresentation of minorities. To date there have been only two African- Americans in the Supreme court, one who is still serving as an associate justice. And of course only one President has broken the long chain of white male president, Barack Obama. Sandra Day OConnor made history in the Supreme Court as the first ever women elected. In todays Supreme Court, three of the nine justices are women. Between the first ever African-American (or any minority for that matter) holding office in American history, and the new found diversity in the Court it seems both of these government branches are moving toward trends to create a more representative federal government. Even more than the election that made Barack Obama the first black president, the one that returned him to office sent an unmistakable signal that the hegemony of the straight white male in America is over. The long drive for broader social particip ation by all Americans reached a turning point in the 2012 election, which is likely to go down as a watershed in the nations social and political evolution and not just because in some states voters approved of same-sex marriage for the first time. (West) As shown by Los Angeles Times writer Paul West, a new evolution in politics is beginning. It is clear that obstacles are still very much present in the legislative branch, but the new wave of voters and the progress made elsewhere shows that these trend may become a new normal for the United States. Were not in the 50s any more, said William Frey, a Brookings Institution demographer. This election makes it clear that a single focus directed at white males, or at the white population in general, is not going to do it. And its not going to do it when the other party is focusing on energizing everybody else.(West) Barack Obamas success in gaining election has been an unprecedented win for minorities in government. But to ensure that his achievements have a lasting impression, minorities must take his work in stride and continue down the path to representation. Now more than ever people are straying away from views that the candidates need to fit a certain profile. Still work needs to be done. The cabinet is made up of almost entirely white males, and the Supreme Court is only just beginning to diversify. Despite the success seen in some areas of government, the two houses of Congress are far away from fair representation. The solutions to fixing this issue, however, are very difficult to identify and even more difficult to put in place. The first option is to allow things to continue on their own path, and hope that more minorities will be elected. (Amy) Some argue that this could potentially work based on trends that have been occurring since the mid 1900s. Minorities are gaining seats slowly, and soon more will become available to them. Although possible, this method would create a long process of representation that could take several decades to become fair. It also creates an opportunity for minorities to move backwards instead of forwards, pushing districts back to even more unfair sections. Activists agree that this is not a true option to solving the problem of underrepresentation. Another solution is one that is used today. Groups like the NAACP can fight each individual chal lenge that is placed on minority districts. (Amy) This is more of a short-term solution however. The Supreme Court will not vote in favor of challenges when the only reason in race. Legal groups that fight for these districts are only keeping a minimal hold on the districts necessary for minority representation. So while this effort to save current minority districts is an important short-term tactic, and while it may work in some cases, it is difficult to be optimistic about the long-term success of this approach. (Amy) It is clear that this issue cannot be resolved by numerous court cases defending districts, especially when the Supreme Court does not look favorably on challenges solely based on race. The solution that could potentially solve these issues is an alternative election system based of proportional representation. This system is used by several Western nations and has shown great success in equaling the number of minorities in government. There are two separate ways to do this: one is by a cumulative vote, the other is by creating multi-member districts. The cumulative vote has already been used in some states for local elections in the U.S., and has shown considerable success in getting more minorities into local government positions. The success of this method at lower levels could also indicate that a cumulative vote used in districts could help minorities gain a fair amount of congressional seats. Multi-member districts are another viable option. If a districts voting population is 20% Hispanic, then that district would have 5 members, one of them likely turning out to be Hispanic. Minorities tend to vote for candidates from the same ethnic background, so creating districts into multi-member could even the playing field and create much greater representation of ethnic minorities. In the long run, proportional representation may be the only politically and constitutionally viable solution to the problem of minority representation in the U.S. P R would allow minorities a fair chance to elect their own candidates without resorting to the kind of race-based districting that has provoked the recent legal backlash. White voters would have nothing to complain about with PR since it would allow them to elect their fair share of representatives, and it wouldnt involve the drawing of special or funny shaped districts to benefit minorities. In this sense, proportional representation is a truly race neutral approach to districting, and one that would finally resolve once and for all this festering political problem. Americans committed to fair representation need to familiarize themselves with how these alternative systems work, promote the adoption of these systems on the local level, and pressure Congress to pass legislation to allow the use of proportional representation for congressional elections. Now is not the time to abandon the goal of fair representation for all Americans. We simply have to find new ways to achieve that go al; and currently, switching to proportional representation elections would seem to be our best bet. (Amy) Although this seems like an effective option, it is very difficult to put in place. Most political scientists agree that districting is the source of the problem, but if something could be done it would have already happened. (McCray) Most members of Congress are white males and will not support any acts that would potentially hurt their chances for reelection. Racial minorities need to find other ways than tirelessly challenging through the courts, and hoping that something will change about districting. Funding and strengthening of merit are two things that must be focused on. Latinos, African-Americans, and women all need to increase their wealth and their resumes if they wish to appeal to a broader audience. The graph on the next page, provided by the census bureau, shows the large gap in wealth between the majority white and all minorities. Whites hold 22 times the amount of wealth that blacks do. (Luhby) This also correlates with the amount of education received by these ethnicities. Without more success as a minority in America, it will be difficult for them to hold seats in either the House of Representatives or the Senate. Having less wealth and home equity means it will be more difficult for blacks and Hispanics to send their children to college, which gives them a leg up on landing good jobs, said Roderick Harrison, senior research scientist at Howard University. That will further extend the wealth gap. The implications will be with us into the next generation, which will have greater difficulty in getting the kinds of jobs needed to start saving and building wealth, Harrison said. (Luhby) This is not a trend that minorities want to continue. During the past few years, while every Americans wealth has been declining, minorities have been declining at an almost 40% faster rate than that of whites. (Luhby) The path to equal representation begins with closing the wealth gap and getting more minorities the best education possible. http://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/2012/06/21/news/economy/wealth-gap-race/chart-racial-wealth-gap-3.top.gif The public also needs to be aware of these issues. The media plays an essential role in the United States political layout, and they need to do better at informing people of the gap between races. There is no doubting the struggles that women and racial minorities have in trying to gain fair representation. Some hope that these issues will eventually work itself out. Progress has been made in getting more diversity in the Federal Government. The first African-American man is now the President of the United States, more women are holding congressional seats than ever before, and the diversity of the Supreme Court is at an all-time high. There is a lot of hope that these are only the beginnings as well. The American government is based on the principle that the people are the voice of government. The government is in place to serve and embody the United States population as a whole, not just by the majority. Millions of U.S. citizens make up what is known as our nations minorities. It is projected that in the next few decades that America could have a minority majority (the number of minorities combined outnumbers the white population). This is why many feel that they should have proportional representation in Congress. Women and all ethnicities that make up our country have made strides in their struggle for equality in our government, and in the near future action must be taken to see that they continue to be represented fairly.

Upcoming Initiatives within the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit A

Legal Advice: Upcoming Initiatives within the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) 1. Describe the company and the major initiative(s) they have planned for the next five years: In 1967, within the Washington DC metropolitan area, Congress authorized a government agency, created through an interstate compact, known as WMATA, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Since its start in 1976, WMATA has grown into five rail lines with over 106 miles of tracks, 1,500 buses, and 86 different stations, which provides services to a population of 3.4 million within a 1,500 square mile jurisdiction. (WMATA, 2012) Commonly known by many of the District of Columbia area residents as Metro, we rely on WMATA to provide alternative modes of transportation throughout much of the District, suburban Maryland, and northern Virginia areas, which include Metrorail, Metrobus, and MetroAccess services. In a 2008 WMATA News Release, Metro planners predicted there would be a 42 percent increase in consumer use within the next 25 years. (WMATA, 2008) In order for supply to meet demand, Metro officials have constructed an extensive six year Capital Improvement Pl an (CIP) that began in 2010 and will expire in mid-2016. Several constituents the CIP will cover includes: implementing past National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) safety recommendations, purchasing new system software and track maintenance equipment, new and/or rehabilitated rail cars and lines, and replacing several bus facilities. (Kissal, 2011) 2. Determine which elements of administrative law will be most relevant to the upcoming initiatives and what the impact of those laws will be. In the wake of the 2009 tragic accident and... ...have to worry so much about product reliability. References: Access Board, The United States. (n.d.). The United States Access Board. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from Access-Board.Gov: http://www.access-board.gov/about/laws/ada.htm Bagley, C. E. (2009). Managers and the Legal Environment. Mason: Cengage Learning. Kissal, C. D. (2011). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2011. Washington DC: WMATA. WMATA. (2008, April 18). Metro details improvements to meet future capacity needs. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from WMATA: 2. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2064 WMATA. (2010). August 13 2010 Response to FTA. Washington DC: Dougherty, James. WMATA. (2012). Metro - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from WMATA: http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/